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spring6-IOC容器

2026-11-09 17:51:26 来源:互联网转载

IOC容器

      • 1、IoC容器
        • 1.1、控制反转(IoC)
        • 1.2、依赖注入
        • 1.3、IoC容器在Spring的实现
        • 2、基于XML管理Bean
          • 2.1、搭建子模块spring6-ioc-xml
          • 2.2、实验一:获取bean
            • ①方式一:根据id获取
            • ②方式二:根据类型获取
            • ③方式三:根据id和类型
            • ④注意的地方
            • ⑤扩展知识
            • 2.3、实验二:依赖注入之setter注入
            • 2.4、实验三:依赖注入之构造器注入
            • 2.5、实验四:特殊值处理
              • ①字面量赋值
              • ②null值
              • ③xml实体
              • ④CDATA节
              • 2.6、实验五:为对象类型属性赋值
                • 方式一:引用外部bean
                • 方式二:内部bean
                • 方式三:级联属性赋值
                • 2.7、实验六:为数组类型属性赋值
                • 2.8、实验七:为集合类型属性赋值
                  • ①为List集合类型属性赋值
                  • ②为Map集合类型属性赋值
                  • ③引用集合类型的bean
                  • 2.9、实验八:p命名空间
                  • 2.10、实验九:引入外部属性文件
                  • 2.11、实验十:bean的作用域
                  • 2.12、实验十一:bean生命周期
                  • 2.13、实验十二:FactoryBean
                  • 2.14、实验十三:基于xml自动装配
                  • 3、基于注解管理Bean(☆)
                    • 3.1、搭建子模块spring6-ioc-annotation
                    • 3.2、开启组件扫描
                    • 3.3、使用注解定义 Bean
                    • 3.4、实验一:@Autowired注入
                      • ①场景一:属性注入
                      • ②场景二:set注入
                      • ③场景三:构造方法注入
                      • ④场景四:形参上注入
                      • ⑤场景五:只有一个构造函数,无注解
                      • ⑥场景六:@Autowired注解和@Qualifier注解联合
                      • 3.5、实验二:@Resource注入
                        • ①场景一:根据name注入
                        • ②场景二:name未知注入
                        • ③场景三 其他情况
                        • 3.6、Spring全注解开发

                          IOC 是 Inversion of Control 的简写,译为“控制反转”,它不是一门技术,而是一种设计思想,是一个重要的面向对象编程法则,能够指导我们如何设计出松耦合、更优良的程序。

                          Spring 通过 IoC 容器来管理所有 Java 对象的实例化和初始化,控制对象与对象之间的依赖关系。我们将由 IoC 容器管理的 Java 对象称为 Spring Bean,它与使用关键字 new 创建的 Java 对象没有任何区别。

                          IoC 容器是 Spring 框架中最重要的核心组件之一,它贯穿了 Spring 从诞生到成长的整个过程。

                          1、IoC容器

                          1.1、控制反转(IoC)
                          • 控制反转是一种思想。

                          • 控制反转是为了降低程序耦合度,提高程序扩展力。

                          • 控制反转,反转的是什么?

                            • 将对象的创建权利交出去,交给第三方容器负责。
                            • 将对象和对象之间关系的维护权交出去,交给第三方容器负责。
                            • 控制反转这种思想如何实现呢?

                              • DI(Dependency Injection):依赖注入
                                1.2、依赖注入

                                DI(Dependency Injection):依赖注入,依赖注入实现了控制反转的思想。

                                依赖注入:

                                • 指Spring创建对象的过程中,将对象依赖属性通过配置进行注入

                                  依赖注入常见的实现方式包括两种:

                                  • 第一种:set注入
                                  • 第二种:构造注入

                                    所以结论是:IOC 就是一种控制反转的思想, 而 DI 是对IoC的一种具体实现。

                                    Bean管理说的是:Bean对象的创建,以及Bean对象中属性的赋值(或者叫做Bean对象之间关系的维护)。

                                    1.3、IoC容器在Spring的实现

                                    Spring 的 IoC 容器就是 IoC思想的一个落地的产品实现。IoC容器中管理的组件也叫做 bean。在创建 bean 之前,首先需要创建IoC 容器。Spring 提供了IoC 容器的两种实现方式:

                                    ①BeanFactory

                                    这是 IoC 容器的基本实现,是 Spring 内部使用的接口。面向 Spring 本身,不提供给开发人员使用。

                                    ②ApplicationContext

                                    BeanFactory 的子接口,提供了更多高级特性。面向 Spring 的使用者,几乎所有场合都使用 ApplicationContext 而不是底层的 BeanFactory。

                                    ③ApplicationContext的主要实现类

                                    类型名简介
                                    ClassPathXmlApplicationContext通过读取类路径下的 XML 格式的配置文件创建 IOC 容器对象
                                    FileSystemXmlApplicationContext通过文件系统路径读取 XML 格式的配置文件创建 IOC 容器对象
                                    ConfigurableApplicationContextApplicationContext 的子接口,包含一些扩展方法 refresh() 和 close() ,让 ApplicationContext 具有启动、关闭和刷新上下文的能力。
                                    WebApplicationContext专门为 Web 应用准备,基于 Web 环境创建 IOC 容器对象,并将对象引入存入 ServletContext 域中。

                                    2、基于XML管理Bean

                                    2.1、搭建子模块spring6-ioc-xml

                                    ①搭建模块

                                    搭建方式如:spring-first

                                    ②引入配置文件

                                    引入spring-first模块配置文件:beans.xml、log4j2.xml

                                    ③添加依赖

                                                        org.springframework        spring-context        6.0.3                    org.junit.jupiter        junit-jupiter-api        5.3.1                    org.apache.logging.log4j        log4j-core        2.19.0                org.apache.logging.log4j        log4j-slf4j2-impl        2.19.0    

                                    ④引入java类

                                    引入spring-first模块java及test目录下实体类

                                    package com.atguigu.spring6.bean;public class HelloWorld {    public HelloWorld() {        System.out.println("无参数构造方法执行");    }    public void sayHello(){        System.out.println("helloworld");    }}
                                    package com.atguigu.spring6.bean;import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;import org.slf4j.Logger;import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;public class HelloWorldTest {    private Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HelloWorldTest.class);    @Test    public void testHelloWorld(){            }}
                                    2.2、实验一:获取bean
                                    ①方式一:根据id获取

                                    由于 id 属性指定了 bean 的唯一标识,所以根据 bean 标签的 id 属性可以精确获取到一个组件对象。上个实验中我们使用的就是这种方式。

                                    ②方式二:根据类型获取
                                    @Testpublic void testHelloWorld1(){ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml");    HelloWorld bean = ac.getBean(HelloWorld.class);    bean.sayHello();}
                                    ③方式三:根据id和类型
                                    @Testpublic void testHelloWorld2(){ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml");    HelloWorld bean = ac.getBean("helloworld", HelloWorld.class);    bean.sayHello();}
                                    ④注意的地方

                                    当根据类型获取bean时,要求IOC容器中指定类型的bean有且只能有一个

                                    当IOC容器中一共配置了两个:

                                     

                                    根据类型获取时会抛出异常:

                                    org.springframework.beans.factory.NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type ‘com.atguigu.spring6.bean.HelloWorld’ available: expected single matching bean but found 2: helloworldOne,helloworldTwo

                                    ⑤扩展知识

                                    如果组件类实现了接口,根据接口类型可以获取 bean 吗?

                                    可以,前提是bean唯一

                                    如果一个接口有多个实现类,这些实现类都配置了 bean,根据接口类型可以获取 bean 吗?

                                    不行,因为bean不唯一

                                    结论

                                    根据类型来获取bean时,在满足bean唯一性的前提下,其实只是看:『对象 instanceof 指定的类型』的返回结果,只要返回的是true就可以认定为和类型匹配,能够获取到。

                                    java中,instanceof运算符用于判断前面的对象是否是后面的类,或其子类、实现类的实例。如果是返回true,否则返回false。也就是说:用instanceof关键字做判断时, instanceof 操作符的左右操作必须有继承或实现关系

                                    2.3、实验二:依赖注入之setter注入

                                    ①创建学生类Student

                                    package com.atguigu.spring6.bean;public class Student {    private Integer id;    private String name;    private Integer age;    private String sex;    public Student() {    }    public Integer getId() {        return id;    }    public void setId(Integer id) {        this.id = id;    }    public String getName() {        return name;    }    public void setName(String name) {        this.name = name;    }    public Integer getAge() {        return age;    }    public void setAge(Integer age) {        this.age = age;    }    public String getSex() {        return sex;    }    public void setSex(String sex) {        this.sex = sex;    }    @Override    public String toString() {        return "Student{" +                ", name='" + name + '\'' +                ", age=" + age +                ", sex='" + sex + '\'' +                '}';    }}

                                    ②配置bean时为属性赋值

                                    spring-di.xml

                                                                

                                    ③测试

                                    @Testpublic void testDIBySet(){    ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-di.xml");    Student studentOne = ac.getBean("studentOne", Student.class);    System.out.println(studentOne);}
                                    2.4、实验三:依赖注入之构造器注入

                                    ①在Student类中添加有参构造

                                    public Student(Integer id, String name, Integer age, String sex) {    this.id = id;    this.name = name;    this.age = age;    this.sex = sex;}

                                    ②配置bean

                                    spring-di.xml

                                                    

                                    注意:

                                    constructor-arg标签还有两个属性可以进一步描述构造器参数:

                                    • index属性:指定参数所在位置的索引(从0开始)
                                    • name属性:指定参数名

                                      ③测试

                                      @Testpublic void testDIByConstructor(){    ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-di.xml");    Student studentOne = ac.getBean("studentTwo", Student.class);    System.out.println(studentOne);}
                                      2.5、实验四:特殊值处理
                                      ①字面量赋值

                                      什么是字面量?

                                      int a = 10;

                                      声明一个变量a,初始化为10,此时a就不代表字母a了,而是作为一个变量的名字。当我们引用a的时候,我们实际上拿到的值是10。

                                      而如果a是带引号的:‘a’,那么它现在不是一个变量,它就是代表a这个字母本身,这就是字面量。所以字面量没有引申含义,就是我们看到的这个数据本身。

                                       
                                      ②null值
                                          

                                      注意:

                                          
                                      ③xml实体
                                       
                                      ④CDATA节
                                                          
                                      2.6、实验五:为对象类型属性赋值

                                      ①创建班级类Clazz

                                      package com.atguigu.spring6.bean    public class Clazz {    private Integer clazzId;    private String clazzName;    public Integer getClazzId() {        return clazzId;    }    public void setClazzId(Integer clazzId) {        this.clazzId = clazzId;    }    public String getClazzName() {        return clazzName;    }    public void setClazzName(String clazzName) {        this.clazzName = clazzName;    }    @Override    public String toString() {        return "Clazz{" +                "clazzId=" + clazzId +                ", clazzName='" + clazzName + '\'' +                '}';    }    public Clazz() {    }    public Clazz(Integer clazzId, String clazzName) {        this.clazzId = clazzId;        this.clazzName = clazzName;    }}

                                      ②修改Student类

                                      在Student类中添加以下代码:

                                      private Clazz clazz;public Clazz getClazz() {return clazz;}public void setClazz(Clazz clazz) {this.clazz = clazz;}
                                      方式一:引用外部bean

                                      配置Clazz类型的bean:

                                              

                                      为Student中的clazz属性赋值:

                                                              

                                      错误演示:

                                                          

                                      如果错把ref属性写成了value属性,会抛出异常: Caused by: java.lang.IllegalStateException: Cannot convert value of type ‘java.lang.String’ to required type ‘com.atguigu.spring6.bean.Clazz’ for property ‘clazz’: no matching editors or conversion strategy found

                                      意思是不能把String类型转换成我们要的Clazz类型,说明我们使用value属性时,Spring只把这个属性看做一个普通的字符串,不会认为这是一个bean的id,更不会根据它去找到bean来赋值

                                      方式二:内部bean
                                                                                                                      
                                      方式三:级联属性赋值
                                                                  
                                      2.7、实验六:为数组类型属性赋值

                                      ①修改Student类

                                      在Student类中添加以下代码:

                                      private String[] hobbies;public String[] getHobbies() {    return hobbies;}public void setHobbies(String[] hobbies) {    this.hobbies = hobbies;}

                                      ②配置bean

                                                                                      抽烟            喝酒            烫头            
                                      2.8、实验七:为集合类型属性赋值
                                      ①为List集合类型属性赋值

                                      在Clazz类中添加以下代码:

                                      private List students;public List getStudents() {    return students;}public void setStudents(List students) {    this.students = students;}

                                      配置bean:

                                                                                                          

                                      若为Set集合类型属性赋值,只需要将其中的list标签改为set标签即可

                                      ②为Map集合类型属性赋值

                                      创建教师类Teacher:

                                      package com.atguigu.spring6.bean;public class Teacher {    private Integer teacherId;    private String teacherName;    public Integer getTeacherId() {        return teacherId;    }    public void setTeacherId(Integer teacherId) {        this.teacherId = teacherId;    }    public String getTeacherName() {        return teacherName;    }    public void setTeacherName(String teacherName) {        this.teacherName = teacherName;    }    public Teacher(Integer teacherId, String teacherName) {        this.teacherId = teacherId;        this.teacherName = teacherName;    }    public Teacher() {    }        @Override    public String toString() {        return "Teacher{" +                "teacherId=" + teacherId +                ", teacherName='" + teacherName + '\'' +                '}';    }}

                                      在Student类中添加以下代码:

                                      private Map teacherMap;public Map getTeacherMap() {    return teacherMap;}public void setTeacherMap(Map teacherMap) {    this.teacherMap = teacherMap;}

                                      配置bean:

                                                                                                      抽烟            喝酒            烫头                                                                        10010                                                                                            10086                                                        
                                      ③引用集合类型的bean
                                                                          10010                                            10086                                                                                抽烟            喝酒            烫头                

                                      使用util:list、util:map标签必须引入相应的命名空间

                                        
                                      2.9、实验八:p命名空间

                                      引入p命名空间

                                       

                                      引入p命名空间后,可以通过以下方式为bean的各个属性赋值

                                       
                                      2.10、实验九:引入外部属性文件

                                      ①加入依赖

                                           mysql    mysql-connector-java    8.0.30    com.alibaba    druid    1.2.15

                                      ②创建外部属性文件

                                      jdbc.user=rootjdbc.password=atguigujdbc.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/ssm?serverTimezone=UTCjdbc.driver=com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver

                                      ③引入属性文件

                                      引入context 名称空间

                                       
                                       

                                      注意:在使用 context:property-placeholder 元素加载外包配置文件功能前,首先需要在 XML 配置的一级标签 中添加 context 相关的约束。

                                      ④配置bean

                                                      

                                      ⑤测试

                                      @Testpublic void testDataSource() throws SQLException {    ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-datasource.xml");    DataSource dataSource = ac.getBean(DataSource.class);    Connection connection = dataSource.getConnection();    System.out.println(connection);}
                                      2.11、实验十:bean的作用域

                                      ①概念

                                      在Spring中可以通过配置bean标签的scope属性来指定bean的作用域范围,各取值含义参加下表:

                                      取值含义创建对象的时机
                                      singleton(默认)在IOC容器中,这个bean的对象始终为单实例IOC容器初始化时
                                      prototype这个bean在IOC容器中有多个实例获取bean时

                                      如果是在WebApplicationContext环境下还会有另外几个作用域(但不常用):

                                      取值含义
                                      request在一个请求范围内有效
                                      session在一个会话范围内有效

                                      ②创建类User

                                      package com.atguigu.spring6.bean;public class User {    private Integer id;    private String username;    private String password;    private Integer age;    public User() {    }    public User(Integer id, String username, String password, Integer age) {        this.id = id;        this.username = username;        this.password = password;        this.age = age;    }    public Integer getId() {        return id;    }    public void setId(Integer id) {        this.id = id;    }    public String getUsername() {        return username;    }    public void setUsername(String username) {        this.username = username;    }    public String getPassword() {        return password;    }    public void setPassword(String password) {        this.password = password;    }    public Integer getAge() {        return age;    }    public void setAge(Integer age) {        this.age = age;    }    @Override    public String toString() {        return "User{" +                ", username='" + username + '\'' +                ", password='" + password + '\'' +                ", age=" + age +                '}';    }}

                                      ③配置bean

                                       

                                      ④测试

                                      @Testpublic void testBeanScope(){    ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-scope.xml");    User user1 = ac.getBean(User.class);    User user2 = ac.getBean(User.class);    System.out.println(user1==user2);}
                                      2.12、实验十一:bean生命周期

                                      ①具体的生命周期过程

                                      • bean对象创建(调用无参构造器)

                                      • 给bean对象设置属性

                                      • bean的后置处理器(初始化之前)

                                      • bean对象初始化(需在配置bean时指定初始化方法)

                                      • bean的后置处理器(初始化之后)

                                      • bean对象就绪可以使用

                                      • bean对象销毁(需在配置bean时指定销毁方法)

                                      • IOC容器关闭

                                        ②修改类User

                                        public class User {    private Integer id;    private String username;    private String password;    private Integer age;    public User() {        System.out.println("生命周期:1、创建对象");    }    public User(Integer id, String username, String password, Integer age) {        this.id = id;        this.username = username;        this.password = password;        this.age = age;    }    public Integer getId() {        return id;    }    public void setId(Integer id) {        System.out.println("生命周期:2、依赖注入");        this.id = id;    }    public String getUsername() {        return username;    }    public void setUsername(String username) {        this.username = username;    }    public String getPassword() {        return password;    }    public void setPassword(String password) {        this.password = password;    }    public Integer getAge() {        return age;    }    public void setAge(Integer age) {        this.age = age;    }    public void initMethod(){        System.out.println("生命周期:3、初始化");    }    public void destroyMethod(){        System.out.println("生命周期:5、销毁");    }    @Override    public String toString() {        return "User{" +                ", username='" + username + '\'' +                ", password='" + password + '\'' +                ", age=" + age +                '}';    }}

                                        注意其中的initMethod()和destroyMethod(),可以通过配置bean指定为初始化和销毁的方法

                                        ③配置bean

                                                        

                                        ④测试

                                        @Testpublic void testLife(){    ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-lifecycle.xml");    User bean = ac.getBean(User.class);    System.out.println("生命周期:4、通过IOC容器获取bean并使用");    ac.close();}

                                        ⑤bean的后置处理器

                                        bean的后置处理器会在生命周期的初始化前后添加额外的操作,需要实现BeanPostProcessor接口,且配置到IOC容器中,需要注意的是,bean后置处理器不是单独针对某一个bean生效,而是针对IOC容器中所有bean都会执行

                                        创建bean的后置处理器:

                                        package com.atguigu.spring6.process;    import org.springframework.beans.BeansException;import org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanPostProcessor;public class MyBeanProcessor implements BeanPostProcessor {        @Override    public Object postProcessBeforeInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {        System.out.println("☆☆☆" + beanName + " = " + bean);        return bean;    }        @Override    public Object postProcessAfterInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {        System.out.println("★★★" + beanName + " = " + bean);        return bean;    }}

                                        在IOC容器中配置后置处理器:

                                         
                                        2.13、实验十二:FactoryBean

                                        ①简介

                                        FactoryBean是Spring提供的一种整合第三方框架的常用机制。和普通的bean不同,配置一个FactoryBean类型的bean,在获取bean的时候得到的并不是class属性中配置的这个类的对象,而是getObject()方法的返回值。通过这种机制,Spring可以帮我们把复杂组件创建的详细过程和繁琐细节都屏蔽起来,只把最简洁的使用界面展示给我们。

                                        将来我们整合Mybatis时,Spring就是通过FactoryBean机制来帮我们创建SqlSessionFactory对象的。

                                        /* * Copyright 2002-2020 the original author or authors. * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */package org.springframework.beans.factory;import org.springframework.lang.Nullable;/** * Interface to be implemented by objects used within a {@link BeanFactory} which * are themselves factories for inpidual objects. If a bean implements this * interface, it is used as a factory for an object to expose, not directly as a * bean instance that will be exposed itself. * * 

                                        NB: A bean that implements this interface cannot be used as a normal bean. * A FactoryBean is defined in a bean style, but the object exposed for bean * references ({@link #getObject()}) is always the object that it creates. * *

                                        FactoryBeans can support singletons and prototypes, and can either create * objects lazily on demand or eagerly on startup. The {@link SmartFactoryBean} * interface allows for exposing more fine-grained behavioral metadata. * *

                                        This interface is heavily used within the framework itself, for example for * the AOP {@link org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean} or the * {@link org.springframework.jndi.JndiObjectFactoryBean}. It can be used for * custom components as well; however, this is only common for infrastructure code. * *

                                        {@code FactoryBean} is a programmatic contract. Implementations are not * supposed to rely on annotation-driven injection or other reflective facilities. * {@link #getObjectType()} {@link #getObject()} invocations may arrive early in the * bootstrap process, even ahead of any post-processor setup. If you need access to * other beans, implement {@link BeanFactoryAware} and obtain them programmatically. * *

                                        The container is only responsible for managing the lifecycle of the FactoryBean * instance, not the lifecycle of the objects created by the FactoryBean. Therefore, * a destroy method on an exposed bean object (such as {@link java.io.Closeable#close()} * will not be called automatically. Instead, a FactoryBean should implement * {@link DisposableBean} and delegate any such close call to the underlying object. * *

                                        Finally, FactoryBean objects participate in the containing BeanFactory's * synchronization of bean creation. There is usually no need for internal * synchronization other than for purposes of lazy initialization within the * FactoryBean itself (or the like). * * @author Rod Johnson * @author Juergen Hoeller * @since 08.03.2003 * @param the bean type * @see org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanFactory * @see org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean * @see org.springframework.jndi.JndiObjectFactoryBean */public interface FactoryBean { /** * The name of an attribute that can be * {@link org.springframework.core.AttributeAccessor#setAttribute set} on a * {@link org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanDefinition} so that * factory beans can signal their object type when it can't be deduced from * the factory bean class. * @since 5.2 */ String OBJECT_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE = "factoryBeanObjectType"; /** * Return an instance (possibly shared or independent) of the object * managed by this factory. *

                                        As with a {@link BeanFactory}, this allows support for both the * Singleton and Prototype design pattern. *

                                        If this FactoryBean is not fully initialized yet at the time of * the call (for example because it is involved in a circular reference), * throw a corresponding {@link FactoryBeanNotInitializedException}. *

                                        As of Spring 2.0, FactoryBeans are allowed to return {@code null} * objects. The factory will consider this as normal value to be used; it * will not throw a FactoryBeanNotInitializedException in this case anymore. * FactoryBean implementations are encouraged to throw * FactoryBeanNotInitializedException themselves now, as appropriate. * @return an instance of the bean (can be {@code null}) * @throws Exception in case of creation errors * @see FactoryBeanNotInitializedException */ @Nullable T getObject() throws Exception; /** * Return the type of object that this FactoryBean creates, * or {@code null} if not known in advance. *

                                        This allows one to check for specific types of beans without * instantiating objects, for example on autowiring. *

                                        In the case of implementations that are creating a singleton object, * this method should try to avoid singleton creation as far as possible; * it should rather estimate the type in advance. * For prototypes, returning a meaningful type here is advisable too. *

                                        This method can be called before this FactoryBean has * been fully initialized. It must not rely on state created during * initialization; of course, it can still use such state if available. *

                                        NOTE: Autowiring will simply ignore FactoryBeans that return * {@code null} here. Therefore it is highly recommended to implement * this method properly, using the current state of the FactoryBean. * @return the type of object that this FactoryBean creates, * or {@code null} if not known at the time of the call * @see ListableBeanFactory#getBeansOfType */ @Nullable Class getObjectType(); /** * Is the object managed by this factory a singleton? That is, * will {@link #getObject()} always return the same object * (a reference that can be cached)? *

                                        NOTE: If a FactoryBean indicates to hold a singleton object, * the object returned from {@code getObject()} might get cached * by the owning BeanFactory. Hence, do not return {@code true} * unless the FactoryBean always exposes the same reference. *

                                        The singleton status of the FactoryBean itself will generally * be provided by the owning BeanFactory; usually, it has to be * defined as singleton there. *

                                        NOTE: This method returning {@code false} does not * necessarily indicate that returned objects are independent instances. * An implementation of the extended {@link SmartFactoryBean} interface * may explicitly indicate independent instances through its * {@link SmartFactoryBean#isPrototype()} method. Plain {@link FactoryBean} * implementations which do not implement this extended interface are * simply assumed to always return independent instances if the * {@code isSingleton()} implementation returns {@code false}. *

                                        The default implementation returns {@code true}, since a * {@code FactoryBean} typically manages a singleton instance. * @return whether the exposed object is a singleton * @see #getObject() * @see SmartFactoryBean#isPrototype() */ default boolean isSingleton() { return true; }}

                                        ②创建类UserFactoryBean

                                        package com.atguigu.spring6.bean;public class UserFactoryBean implements FactoryBean {    @Override    public User getObject() throws Exception {        return new User();    }    @Override    public Class getObjectType() {        return User.class;    }}

                                        ③配置bean

                                         

                                        ④测试

                                        @Testpublic void testUserFactoryBean(){    //获取IOC容器    ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-factorybean.xml");    User user = (User) ac.getBean("user");    System.out.println(user);}
                                        2.14、实验十三:基于xml自动装配

                                        自动装配:

                                        根据指定的策略,在IOC容器中匹配某一个bean,自动为指定的bean中所依赖的类类型或接口类型属性赋值

                                        ①场景模拟

                                        创建类UserController

                                        package com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.controllerpublic class UserController {    private UserService userService;    public void setUserService(UserService userService) {        this.userService = userService;    }    public void saveUser(){        userService.saveUser();    }}

                                        创建接口UserService

                                        package com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.servicepublic interface UserService {    void saveUser();}

                                        创建类UserServiceImpl实现接口UserService

                                        package com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.service.implpublic class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {    private UserDao userDao;    public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) {        this.userDao = userDao;    }    @Override    public void saveUser() {        userDao.saveUser();    }}

                                        创建接口UserDao

                                        package com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.daopublic interface UserDao {    void saveUser();}

                                        创建类UserDaoImpl实现接口UserDao

                                        package com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.dao.implpublic class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao {    @Override    public void saveUser() {        System.out.println("保存成功");    }}

                                        ②配置bean

                                        使用bean标签的autowire属性设置自动装配效果

                                        自动装配方式:byType

                                        byType:根据类型匹配IOC容器中的某个兼容类型的bean,为属性自动赋值

                                        若在IOC中,没有任何一个兼容类型的bean能够为属性赋值,则该属性不装配,即值为默认值null

                                        若在IOC中,有多个兼容类型的bean能够为属性赋值,则抛出异常NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException

                                           

                                        自动装配方式:byName

                                        byName:将自动装配的属性的属性名,作为bean的id在IOC容器中匹配相对应的bean进行赋值

                                         

                                        ③测试

                                        @Testpublic void testAutoWireByXML(){    ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("autowire-xml.xml");    UserController userController = ac.getBean(UserController.class);    userController.saveUser();}

                                        3、基于注解管理Bean(☆)

                                        从 Java 5 开始,Java 增加了对注解(Annotation)的支持,它是代码中的一种特殊标记,可以在编译、类加载和运行时被读取,执行相应的处理。开发人员可以通过注解在不改变原有代码和逻辑的情况下,在源代码中嵌入补充信息。

                                        Spring 从 2.5 版本开始提供了对注解技术的全面支持,我们可以使用注解来实现自动装配,简化 Spring 的 XML 配置。

                                        Spring 通过注解实现自动装配的步骤如下:

                                        1. 引入依赖
                                        2. 开启组件扫描
                                        3. 使用注解定义 Bean
                                        4. 依赖注入
                                        3.1、搭建子模块spring6-ioc-annotation

                                        ①搭建模块

                                        搭建方式如:spring6-ioc-xml

                                        ②引入配置文件

                                        引入spring-ioc-xml模块日志log4j2.xml

                                        ③添加依赖

                                                            org.springframework        spring-context        6.0.3                    org.junit.jupiter        junit-jupiter-api                    org.apache.logging.log4j        log4j-core        2.19.0                org.apache.logging.log4j        log4j-slf4j2-impl        2.19.0    
                                        3.2、开启组件扫描

                                        Spring 默认不使用注解装配 Bean,因此我们需要在 Spring 的 XML 配置中,通过 context:component-scan 元素开启 Spring Beans的自动扫描功能。开启此功能后,Spring 会自动从扫描指定的包(base-package 属性设置)及其子包下的所有类,如果类上使用了 @Component 注解,就将该类装配到容器中。

                                                

                                        注意:在使用 context:component-scan 元素开启自动扫描功能前,首先需要在 XML 配置的一级标签 中添加 context 相关的约束。

                                        情况一:最基本的扫描方式

                                         

                                        情况二:指定要排除的组件

                                                            

                                        情况三:仅扫描指定组件

                                                            
                                        3.3、使用注解定义 Bean

                                        Spring 提供了以下多个注解,这些注解可以直接标注在 Java 类上,将它们定义成 Spring Bean。

                                        注解说明
                                        @Component该注解用于描述 Spring 中的 Bean,它是一个泛化的概念,仅仅表示容器中的一个组件(Bean),并且可以作用在应用的任何层次,例如 Service 层、Dao 层等。 使用时只需将该注解标注在相应类上即可。
                                        @Repository该注解用于将数据访问层(Dao 层)的类标识为 Spring 中的 Bean,其功能与 @Component 相同。
                                        @Service该注解通常作用在业务层(Service 层),用于将业务层的类标识为 Spring 中的 Bean,其功能与 @Component 相同。
                                        @Controller该注解通常作用在控制层(如SpringMVC 的 Controller),用于将控制层的类标识为 Spring 中的 Bean,其功能与 @Component 相同。
                                        3.4、实验一:@Autowired注入

                                        单独使用@Autowired注解,默认根据类型装配。【默认是byType】

                                        查看源码:

                                        package org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation;import java.lang.annotation.Documented;import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;import java.lang.annotation.Retention;import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;import java.lang.annotation.Target;@Target({ElementType.CONSTRUCTOR, ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.PARAMETER, ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE})@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)@Documentedpublic @interface Autowired {    boolean required() default true;}

                                        源码中有两处需要注意:

                                        • 第一处:该注解可以标注在哪里?

                                          • 构造方法上
                                          • 方法上
                                          • 形参上
                                          • 属性上
                                          • 注解上
                                          • 第二处:该注解有一个required属性,默认值是true,表示在注入的时候要求被注入的Bean必须是存在的,如果不存在则报错。如果required属性设置为false,表示注入的Bean存在或者不存在都没关系,存在的话就注入,不存在的话,也不报错。

                                            ①场景一:属性注入

                                            创建UserDao接口

                                            package com.atguigu.spring6.dao;public interface UserDao {    public void print();}

                                            创建UserDaoImpl实现

                                            package com.atguigu.spring6.dao.impl;import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;@Repositorypublic class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao {    @Override    public void print() {        System.out.println("Dao层执行结束");    }}

                                            创建UserService接口

                                            package com.atguigu.spring6.service;public interface UserService {    public void out();}

                                            创建UserServiceImpl实现类

                                            package com.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;import com.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;@Servicepublic class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {    @Autowired    private UserDao userDao;    @Override    public void out() {        userDao.print();        System.out.println("Service层执行结束");    }}

                                            创建UserController类

                                            package com.atguigu.spring6.controller;import com.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;@Controllerpublic class UserController {    @Autowired    private UserService userService;    public void out() {        userService.out();        System.out.println("Controller层执行结束。");    }}

                                            测试一

                                            package com.atguigu.spring6.bean;import com.atguigu.spring6.controller.UserController;import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;import org.slf4j.Logger;import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;public class UserTest {    private Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(UserTest.class);    @Test    public void testAnnotation(){        ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("Beans.xml");        UserController userController = context.getBean("userController", UserController.class);        userController.out();        logger.info("执行成功");    }}

                                            测试结果:

                                            ②场景二:set注入

                                            修改UserServiceImpl类

                                            package com.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;import com.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;@Servicepublic class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {    private UserDao userDao;    @Autowired    public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) {        this.userDao = userDao;    }    @Override    public void out() {        userDao.print();        System.out.println("Service层执行结束");    }}

                                            修改UserController类

                                            package com.atguigu.spring6.controller;import com.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;@Controllerpublic class UserController {    private UserService userService;    @Autowired    public void setUserService(UserService userService) {        this.userService = userService;    }    public void out() {        userService.out();        System.out.println("Controller层执行结束。");    }}

                                            测试:成功调用

                                            ③场景三:构造方法注入

                                            修改UserServiceImpl类

                                            package com.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;import com.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;@Servicepublic class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {    private UserDao userDao;    @Autowired    public UserServiceImpl(UserDao userDao) {        this.userDao = userDao;    }    @Override    public void out() {        userDao.print();        System.out.println("Service层执行结束");    }}

                                            修改UserController类

                                            package com.atguigu.spring6.controller;import com.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;@Controllerpublic class UserController {    private UserService userService;    @Autowired    public UserController(UserService userService) {        this.userService = userService;    }    public void out() {        userService.out();        System.out.println("Controller层执行结束。");    }}

                                            测试:成功调用

                                            ④场景四:形参上注入

                                            修改UserServiceImpl类

                                            package com.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;import com.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;@Servicepublic class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {    private UserDao userDao;    public UserServiceImpl(@Autowired UserDao userDao) {        this.userDao = userDao;    }    @Override    public void out() {        userDao.print();        System.out.println("Service层执行结束");    }}

                                            修改UserController类

                                            package com.atguigu.spring6.controller;import com.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;@Controllerpublic class UserController {    private UserService userService;    public UserController(@Autowired UserService userService) {        this.userService = userService;    }    public void out() {        userService.out();        System.out.println("Controller层执行结束。");    }}

                                            测试:成功调用

                                            ⑤场景五:只有一个构造函数,无注解

                                            修改UserServiceImpl类

                                            package com.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;import com.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;@Servicepublic class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {    @Autowired    private UserDao userDao;    public UserServiceImpl(UserDao userDao) {        this.userDao = userDao;    }    @Override    public void out() {        userDao.print();        System.out.println("Service层执行结束");    }}

                                            测试通过

                                            当有参数的构造方法只有一个时,@Autowired注解可以省略。

                                            说明:有多个构造方法时呢?大家可以测试(再添加一个无参构造函数),测试报错

                                            ⑥场景六:@Autowired注解和@Qualifier注解联合

                                            添加dao层实现

                                            package com.atguigu.spring6.dao.impl;import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;@Repositorypublic class UserDaoRedisImpl implements UserDao {    @Override    public void print() {        System.out.println("Redis Dao层执行结束");    }}

                                            测试:测试异常

                                            错误信息中说:不能装配,UserDao这个Bean的数量等于2

                                            怎么解决这个问题呢?当然要byName,根据名称进行装配了。

                                            修改UserServiceImpl类

                                            package com.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;import com.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;@Servicepublic class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {    @Autowired    @Qualifier("userDaoImpl") // 指定bean的名字    private UserDao userDao;    @Override    public void out() {        userDao.print();        System.out.println("Service层执行结束");    }}

                                            总结

                                            • @Autowired注解可以出现在:属性上、构造方法上、构造方法的参数上、setter方法上。
                                            • 当带参数的构造方法只有一个,@Autowired注解可以省略。()
                                            • @Autowired注解默认根据类型注入。如果要根据名称注入的话,需要配合@Qualifier注解一起使用。
                                              3.5、实验二:@Resource注入

                                              @Resource注解也可以完成属性注入。那它和@Autowired注解有什么区别?

                                              • @Resource注解是JDK扩展包中的,也就是说属于JDK的一部分。所以该注解是标准注解,更加具有通用性。(JSR-250标准中制定的注解类型。JSR是Java规范提案。)
                                              • @Autowired注解是Spring框架自己的。
                                              • @Resource注解默认根据名称装配byName,未指定name时,使用属性名作为name。通过name找不到的话会自动启动通过类型byType装配。
                                              • @Autowired注解默认根据类型装配byType,如果想根据名称装配,需要配合@Qualifier注解一起用。
                                              • @Resource注解用在属性上、setter方法上。
                                              • @Autowired注解用在属性上、setter方法上、构造方法上、构造方法参数上。

                                                @Resource注解属于JDK扩展包,所以不在JDK当中,需要额外引入以下依赖:【如果是JDK8的话不需要额外引入依赖。高于JDK11或低于JDK8需要引入以下依赖。】

                                                    jakarta.annotation    jakarta.annotation-api    2.1.1

                                                源码:

                                                package jakarta.annotation;import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;import java.lang.annotation.Repeatable;import java.lang.annotation.Retention;import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;import java.lang.annotation.Target;@Target({ElementType.TYPE, ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.METHOD})@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)@Repeatable(Resources.class)public @interface Resource {    String name() default "";    String lookup() default "";    Class type() default Object.class;    Resource.AuthenticationType authenticationType() default Resource.AuthenticationType.CONTAINER;    boolean shareable() default true;    String mappedName() default "";    String description() default "";    public static enum AuthenticationType {        CONTAINER,        APPLICATION;        private AuthenticationType() {        }    }}
                                                ①场景一:根据name注入

                                                修改UserDaoImpl类

                                                package com.atguigu.spring6.dao.impl;import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;@Repository("myUserDao")public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao {    @Override    public void print() {        System.out.println("Dao层执行结束");    }}

                                                修改UserServiceImpl类

                                                package com.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;import com.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;import jakarta.annotation.Resource;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;@Servicepublic class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {    @Resource(name = "myUserDao")    private UserDao myUserDao;    @Override    public void out() {        myUserDao.print();        System.out.println("Service层执行结束");    }}

                                                测试通过

                                                ②场景二:name未知注入

                                                修改UserDaoImpl类

                                                package com.atguigu.spring6.dao.impl;import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;@Repository("myUserDao")public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao {    @Override    public void print() {        System.out.println("Dao层执行结束");    }}

                                                修改UserServiceImpl类

                                                package com.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;import com.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;import jakarta.annotation.Resource;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;@Servicepublic class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {    @Resource    private UserDao myUserDao;    @Override    public void out() {        myUserDao.print();        System.out.println("Service层执行结束");    }}

                                                测试通过

                                                当@Resource注解使用时没有指定name的时候,还是根据name进行查找,这个name是属性名。

                                                ③场景三 其他情况

                                                修改UserServiceImpl类,userDao1属性名不存在

                                                package com.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;import com.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;import jakarta.annotation.Resource;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;@Servicepublic class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {    @Resource    private UserDao userDao1;    @Override    public void out() {        userDao1.print();        System.out.println("Service层执行结束");    }}

                                                测试异常

                                                根据异常信息得知:显然当通过name找不到的时候,自然会启动byType进行注入,以上的错误是因为UserDao接口下有两个实现类导致的。所以根据类型注入就会报错。

                                                @Resource的set注入可以自行测试

                                                总结:

                                                @Resource注解:默认byName注入,没有指定name时把属性名当做name,根据name找不到时,才会byType注入。byType注入时,某种类型的Bean只能有一个

                                                3.6、Spring全注解开发

                                                全注解开发就是不再使用spring配置文件了,写一个配置类来代替配置文件。

                                                package com.atguigu.spring6.config;import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;@Configuration//@ComponentScan({"com.atguigu.spring6.controller", "com.atguigu.spring6.service","com.atguigu.spring6.dao"})@ComponentScan("com.atguigu.spring6")public class Spring6Config {}

                                                测试类

                                                @Testpublic void testAllAnnotation(){    ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(Spring6Config.class);    UserController userController = context.getBean("userController", UserController.class);    userController.out();    logger.info("执行成功");}

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