行业知识
spring6-IOC容器
IOC容器
- 1、IoC容器
- 1.1、控制反转(IoC)
- 1.2、依赖注入
- 1.3、IoC容器在Spring的实现
- 2、基于XML管理Bean
- 2.1、搭建子模块spring6-ioc-xml
- 2.2、实验一:获取bean
- ①方式一:根据id获取
- ②方式二:根据类型获取
- ③方式三:根据id和类型
- ④注意的地方
- ⑤扩展知识
- 2.3、实验二:依赖注入之setter注入
- 2.4、实验三:依赖注入之构造器注入
- 2.5、实验四:特殊值处理
- ①字面量赋值
- ②null值
- ③xml实体
- ④CDATA节
- 2.6、实验五:为对象类型属性赋值
- 方式一:引用外部bean
- 方式二:内部bean
- 方式三:级联属性赋值
- 2.7、实验六:为数组类型属性赋值
- 2.8、实验七:为集合类型属性赋值
- ①为List集合类型属性赋值
- ②为Map集合类型属性赋值
- ③引用集合类型的bean
- 2.9、实验八:p命名空间
- 2.10、实验九:引入外部属性文件
- 2.11、实验十:bean的作用域
- 2.12、实验十一:bean生命周期
- 2.13、实验十二:FactoryBean
- 2.14、实验十三:基于xml自动装配
- 3、基于注解管理Bean(☆)
- 3.1、搭建子模块spring6-ioc-annotation
- 3.2、开启组件扫描
- 3.3、使用注解定义 Bean
- 3.4、实验一:@Autowired注入
- ①场景一:属性注入
- ②场景二:set注入
- ③场景三:构造方法注入
- ④场景四:形参上注入
- ⑤场景五:只有一个构造函数,无注解
- ⑥场景六:@Autowired注解和@Qualifier注解联合
- 3.5、实验二:@Resource注入
- ①场景一:根据name注入
- ②场景二:name未知注入
- ③场景三 其他情况
- 3.6、Spring全注解开发
IOC 是 Inversion of Control 的简写,译为“控制反转”,它不是一门技术,而是一种设计思想,是一个重要的面向对象编程法则,能够指导我们如何设计出松耦合、更优良的程序。
Spring 通过 IoC 容器来管理所有 Java 对象的实例化和初始化,控制对象与对象之间的依赖关系。我们将由 IoC 容器管理的 Java 对象称为 Spring Bean,它与使用关键字 new 创建的 Java 对象没有任何区别。
IoC 容器是 Spring 框架中最重要的核心组件之一,它贯穿了 Spring 从诞生到成长的整个过程。
1、IoC容器
1.1、控制反转(IoC)
-
控制反转是一种思想。
-
控制反转是为了降低程序耦合度,提高程序扩展力。
-
控制反转,反转的是什么?
-
- 将对象的创建权利交出去,交给第三方容器负责。
- 将对象和对象之间关系的维护权交出去,交给第三方容器负责。
-
控制反转这种思想如何实现呢?
-
- DI(Dependency Injection):依赖注入
1.2、依赖注入
DI(Dependency Injection):依赖注入,依赖注入实现了控制反转的思想。
依赖注入:
- 指Spring创建对象的过程中,将对象依赖属性通过配置进行注入
依赖注入常见的实现方式包括两种:
- 第一种:set注入
- 第二种:构造注入
所以结论是:IOC 就是一种控制反转的思想, 而 DI 是对IoC的一种具体实现。
Bean管理说的是:Bean对象的创建,以及Bean对象中属性的赋值(或者叫做Bean对象之间关系的维护)。
1.3、IoC容器在Spring的实现
Spring 的 IoC 容器就是 IoC思想的一个落地的产品实现。IoC容器中管理的组件也叫做 bean。在创建 bean 之前,首先需要创建IoC 容器。Spring 提供了IoC 容器的两种实现方式:
①BeanFactory
这是 IoC 容器的基本实现,是 Spring 内部使用的接口。面向 Spring 本身,不提供给开发人员使用。
②ApplicationContext
BeanFactory 的子接口,提供了更多高级特性。面向 Spring 的使用者,几乎所有场合都使用 ApplicationContext 而不是底层的 BeanFactory。
③ApplicationContext的主要实现类
类型名 简介 ClassPathXmlApplicationContext 通过读取类路径下的 XML 格式的配置文件创建 IOC 容器对象 FileSystemXmlApplicationContext 通过文件系统路径读取 XML 格式的配置文件创建 IOC 容器对象 ConfigurableApplicationContext ApplicationContext 的子接口,包含一些扩展方法 refresh() 和 close() ,让 ApplicationContext 具有启动、关闭和刷新上下文的能力。 WebApplicationContext 专门为 Web 应用准备,基于 Web 环境创建 IOC 容器对象,并将对象引入存入 ServletContext 域中。 2、基于XML管理Bean
2.1、搭建子模块spring6-ioc-xml
①搭建模块
搭建方式如:spring-first
②引入配置文件
引入spring-first模块配置文件:beans.xml、log4j2.xml
③添加依赖
org.springframework spring-context 6.0.3 org.junit.jupiter junit-jupiter-api 5.3.1 org.apache.logging.log4j log4j-core 2.19.0 org.apache.logging.log4j log4j-slf4j2-impl 2.19.0
④引入java类
引入spring-first模块java及test目录下实体类
package com.atguigu.spring6.bean;public class HelloWorld { public HelloWorld() { System.out.println("无参数构造方法执行"); } public void sayHello(){ System.out.println("helloworld"); }}package com.atguigu.spring6.bean;import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;import org.slf4j.Logger;import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;public class HelloWorldTest { private Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HelloWorldTest.class); @Test public void testHelloWorld(){ }}2.2、实验一:获取bean
①方式一:根据id获取
由于 id 属性指定了 bean 的唯一标识,所以根据 bean 标签的 id 属性可以精确获取到一个组件对象。上个实验中我们使用的就是这种方式。
②方式二:根据类型获取
@Testpublic void testHelloWorld1(){ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml"); HelloWorld bean = ac.getBean(HelloWorld.class); bean.sayHello();}③方式三:根据id和类型
@Testpublic void testHelloWorld2(){ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml"); HelloWorld bean = ac.getBean("helloworld", HelloWorld.class); bean.sayHello();}④注意的地方
当根据类型获取bean时,要求IOC容器中指定类型的bean有且只能有一个
当IOC容器中一共配置了两个:
根据类型获取时会抛出异常:
org.springframework.beans.factory.NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type ‘com.atguigu.spring6.bean.HelloWorld’ available: expected single matching bean but found 2: helloworldOne,helloworldTwo
⑤扩展知识
如果组件类实现了接口,根据接口类型可以获取 bean 吗?
可以,前提是bean唯一
如果一个接口有多个实现类,这些实现类都配置了 bean,根据接口类型可以获取 bean 吗?
不行,因为bean不唯一
结论
根据类型来获取bean时,在满足bean唯一性的前提下,其实只是看:『对象 instanceof 指定的类型』的返回结果,只要返回的是true就可以认定为和类型匹配,能够获取到。
java中,instanceof运算符用于判断前面的对象是否是后面的类,或其子类、实现类的实例。如果是返回true,否则返回false。也就是说:用instanceof关键字做判断时, instanceof 操作符的左右操作必须有继承或实现关系
2.3、实验二:依赖注入之setter注入
①创建学生类Student
package com.atguigu.spring6.bean;public class Student { private Integer id; private String name; private Integer age; private String sex; public Student() { } public Integer getId() { return id; } public void setId(Integer id) { this.id = id; } public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public Integer getAge() { return age; } public void setAge(Integer age) { this.age = age; } public String getSex() { return sex; } public void setSex(String sex) { this.sex = sex; } @Override public String toString() { return "Student{" + ", name='" + name + '\'' + ", age=" + age + ", sex='" + sex + '\'' + '}'; }}②配置bean时为属性赋值
spring-di.xml
③测试
@Testpublic void testDIBySet(){ ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-di.xml"); Student studentOne = ac.getBean("studentOne", Student.class); System.out.println(studentOne);}2.4、实验三:依赖注入之构造器注入
①在Student类中添加有参构造
public Student(Integer id, String name, Integer age, String sex) { this.id = id; this.name = name; this.age = age; this.sex = sex;}②配置bean
spring-di.xml
注意:
constructor-arg标签还有两个属性可以进一步描述构造器参数:
- index属性:指定参数所在位置的索引(从0开始)
- name属性:指定参数名
③测试
@Testpublic void testDIByConstructor(){ ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-di.xml"); Student studentOne = ac.getBean("studentTwo", Student.class); System.out.println(studentOne);}2.5、实验四:特殊值处理
①字面量赋值
什么是字面量?
int a = 10;
声明一个变量a,初始化为10,此时a就不代表字母a了,而是作为一个变量的名字。当我们引用a的时候,我们实际上拿到的值是10。
而如果a是带引号的:‘a’,那么它现在不是一个变量,它就是代表a这个字母本身,这就是字面量。所以字面量没有引申含义,就是我们看到的这个数据本身。
②null值
注意:
③xml实体
④CDATA节
2.6、实验五:为对象类型属性赋值
①创建班级类Clazz
package com.atguigu.spring6.bean public class Clazz { private Integer clazzId; private String clazzName; public Integer getClazzId() { return clazzId; } public void setClazzId(Integer clazzId) { this.clazzId = clazzId; } public String getClazzName() { return clazzName; } public void setClazzName(String clazzName) { this.clazzName = clazzName; } @Override public String toString() { return "Clazz{" + "clazzId=" + clazzId + ", clazzName='" + clazzName + '\'' + '}'; } public Clazz() { } public Clazz(Integer clazzId, String clazzName) { this.clazzId = clazzId; this.clazzName = clazzName; }}②修改Student类
在Student类中添加以下代码:
private Clazz clazz;public Clazz getClazz() {return clazz;}public void setClazz(Clazz clazz) {this.clazz = clazz;}方式一:引用外部bean
配置Clazz类型的bean:
为Student中的clazz属性赋值:
错误演示:
如果错把ref属性写成了value属性,会抛出异常: Caused by: java.lang.IllegalStateException: Cannot convert value of type ‘java.lang.String’ to required type ‘com.atguigu.spring6.bean.Clazz’ for property ‘clazz’: no matching editors or conversion strategy found
意思是不能把String类型转换成我们要的Clazz类型,说明我们使用value属性时,Spring只把这个属性看做一个普通的字符串,不会认为这是一个bean的id,更不会根据它去找到bean来赋值
方式二:内部bean
方式三:级联属性赋值
2.7、实验六:为数组类型属性赋值
①修改Student类
在Student类中添加以下代码:
private String[] hobbies;public String[] getHobbies() { return hobbies;}public void setHobbies(String[] hobbies) { this.hobbies = hobbies;}②配置bean
抽烟 喝酒 烫头
2.8、实验七:为集合类型属性赋值
①为List集合类型属性赋值
在Clazz类中添加以下代码:
private List students;public List getStudents() { return students;}public void setStudents(List students) { this.students = students;}配置bean:
若为Set集合类型属性赋值,只需要将其中的list标签改为set标签即可
②为Map集合类型属性赋值
创建教师类Teacher:
package com.atguigu.spring6.bean;public class Teacher { private Integer teacherId; private String teacherName; public Integer getTeacherId() { return teacherId; } public void setTeacherId(Integer teacherId) { this.teacherId = teacherId; } public String getTeacherName() { return teacherName; } public void setTeacherName(String teacherName) { this.teacherName = teacherName; } public Teacher(Integer teacherId, String teacherName) { this.teacherId = teacherId; this.teacherName = teacherName; } public Teacher() { } @Override public String toString() { return "Teacher{" + "teacherId=" + teacherId + ", teacherName='" + teacherName + '\'' + '}'; }}在Student类中添加以下代码:
private Map teacherMap;public Map getTeacherMap() { return teacherMap;}public void setTeacherMap(Map teacherMap) { this.teacherMap = teacherMap;}配置bean:
抽烟 喝酒 烫头 10010 10086
③引用集合类型的bean
10010 10086 抽烟 喝酒 烫头
使用util:list、util:map标签必须引入相应的命名空间
2.9、实验八:p命名空间
引入p命名空间
引入p命名空间后,可以通过以下方式为bean的各个属性赋值
2.10、实验九:引入外部属性文件
①加入依赖
mysql mysql-connector-java 8.0.30 com.alibaba druid 1.2.15
②创建外部属性文件
jdbc.user=rootjdbc.password=atguigujdbc.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/ssm?serverTimezone=UTCjdbc.driver=com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
③引入属性文件
引入context 名称空间
注意:在使用 context:property-placeholder 元素加载外包配置文件功能前,首先需要在 XML 配置的一级标签 中添加 context 相关的约束。
④配置bean
⑤测试
@Testpublic void testDataSource() throws SQLException { ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-datasource.xml"); DataSource dataSource = ac.getBean(DataSource.class); Connection connection = dataSource.getConnection(); System.out.println(connection);}2.11、实验十:bean的作用域
①概念
在Spring中可以通过配置bean标签的scope属性来指定bean的作用域范围,各取值含义参加下表:
取值 含义 创建对象的时机 singleton(默认) 在IOC容器中,这个bean的对象始终为单实例 IOC容器初始化时 prototype 这个bean在IOC容器中有多个实例 获取bean时 如果是在WebApplicationContext环境下还会有另外几个作用域(但不常用):
取值 含义 request 在一个请求范围内有效 session 在一个会话范围内有效 ②创建类User
package com.atguigu.spring6.bean;public class User { private Integer id; private String username; private String password; private Integer age; public User() { } public User(Integer id, String username, String password, Integer age) { this.id = id; this.username = username; this.password = password; this.age = age; } public Integer getId() { return id; } public void setId(Integer id) { this.id = id; } public String getUsername() { return username; } public void setUsername(String username) { this.username = username; } public String getPassword() { return password; } public void setPassword(String password) { this.password = password; } public Integer getAge() { return age; } public void setAge(Integer age) { this.age = age; } @Override public String toString() { return "User{" + ", username='" + username + '\'' + ", password='" + password + '\'' + ", age=" + age + '}'; }}③配置bean
④测试
@Testpublic void testBeanScope(){ ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-scope.xml"); User user1 = ac.getBean(User.class); User user2 = ac.getBean(User.class); System.out.println(user1==user2);}2.12、实验十一:bean生命周期
①具体的生命周期过程
-
bean对象创建(调用无参构造器)
-
给bean对象设置属性
-
bean的后置处理器(初始化之前)
-
bean对象初始化(需在配置bean时指定初始化方法)
-
bean的后置处理器(初始化之后)
-
bean对象就绪可以使用
-
bean对象销毁(需在配置bean时指定销毁方法)
-
IOC容器关闭
②修改类User
public class User { private Integer id; private String username; private String password; private Integer age; public User() { System.out.println("生命周期:1、创建对象"); } public User(Integer id, String username, String password, Integer age) { this.id = id; this.username = username; this.password = password; this.age = age; } public Integer getId() { return id; } public void setId(Integer id) { System.out.println("生命周期:2、依赖注入"); this.id = id; } public String getUsername() { return username; } public void setUsername(String username) { this.username = username; } public String getPassword() { return password; } public void setPassword(String password) { this.password = password; } public Integer getAge() { return age; } public void setAge(Integer age) { this.age = age; } public void initMethod(){ System.out.println("生命周期:3、初始化"); } public void destroyMethod(){ System.out.println("生命周期:5、销毁"); } @Override public String toString() { return "User{" + ", username='" + username + '\'' + ", password='" + password + '\'' + ", age=" + age + '}'; }}注意其中的initMethod()和destroyMethod(),可以通过配置bean指定为初始化和销毁的方法
③配置bean
④测试
@Testpublic void testLife(){ ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-lifecycle.xml"); User bean = ac.getBean(User.class); System.out.println("生命周期:4、通过IOC容器获取bean并使用"); ac.close();}⑤bean的后置处理器
bean的后置处理器会在生命周期的初始化前后添加额外的操作,需要实现BeanPostProcessor接口,且配置到IOC容器中,需要注意的是,bean后置处理器不是单独针对某一个bean生效,而是针对IOC容器中所有bean都会执行
创建bean的后置处理器:
package com.atguigu.spring6.process; import org.springframework.beans.BeansException;import org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanPostProcessor;public class MyBeanProcessor implements BeanPostProcessor { @Override public Object postProcessBeforeInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException { System.out.println("☆☆☆" + beanName + " = " + bean); return bean; } @Override public Object postProcessAfterInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException { System.out.println("★★★" + beanName + " = " + bean); return bean; }}在IOC容器中配置后置处理器:
2.13、实验十二:FactoryBean
①简介
FactoryBean是Spring提供的一种整合第三方框架的常用机制。和普通的bean不同,配置一个FactoryBean类型的bean,在获取bean的时候得到的并不是class属性中配置的这个类的对象,而是getObject()方法的返回值。通过这种机制,Spring可以帮我们把复杂组件创建的详细过程和繁琐细节都屏蔽起来,只把最简洁的使用界面展示给我们。
将来我们整合Mybatis时,Spring就是通过FactoryBean机制来帮我们创建SqlSessionFactory对象的。
/* * Copyright 2002-2020 the original author or authors. * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */package org.springframework.beans.factory;import org.springframework.lang.Nullable;/** * Interface to be implemented by objects used within a {@link BeanFactory} which * are themselves factories for inpidual objects. If a bean implements this * interface, it is used as a factory for an object to expose, not directly as a * bean instance that will be exposed itself. * *NB: A bean that implements this interface cannot be used as a normal bean. * A FactoryBean is defined in a bean style, but the object exposed for bean * references ({@link #getObject()}) is always the object that it creates. * *
FactoryBeans can support singletons and prototypes, and can either create * objects lazily on demand or eagerly on startup. The {@link SmartFactoryBean} * interface allows for exposing more fine-grained behavioral metadata. * *
This interface is heavily used within the framework itself, for example for * the AOP {@link org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean} or the * {@link org.springframework.jndi.JndiObjectFactoryBean}. It can be used for * custom components as well; however, this is only common for infrastructure code. * *
{@code FactoryBean} is a programmatic contract. Implementations are not * supposed to rely on annotation-driven injection or other reflective facilities. * {@link #getObjectType()} {@link #getObject()} invocations may arrive early in the * bootstrap process, even ahead of any post-processor setup. If you need access to * other beans, implement {@link BeanFactoryAware} and obtain them programmatically. * *
The container is only responsible for managing the lifecycle of the FactoryBean * instance, not the lifecycle of the objects created by the FactoryBean. Therefore, * a destroy method on an exposed bean object (such as {@link java.io.Closeable#close()} * will not be called automatically. Instead, a FactoryBean should implement * {@link DisposableBean} and delegate any such close call to the underlying object. * *
Finally, FactoryBean objects participate in the containing BeanFactory's * synchronization of bean creation. There is usually no need for internal * synchronization other than for purposes of lazy initialization within the * FactoryBean itself (or the like). * * @author Rod Johnson * @author Juergen Hoeller * @since 08.03.2003 * @param the bean type * @see org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanFactory * @see org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean * @see org.springframework.jndi.JndiObjectFactoryBean */public interface FactoryBean { /** * The name of an attribute that can be * {@link org.springframework.core.AttributeAccessor#setAttribute set} on a * {@link org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanDefinition} so that * factory beans can signal their object type when it can't be deduced from * the factory bean class. * @since 5.2 */ String OBJECT_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE = "factoryBeanObjectType"; /** * Return an instance (possibly shared or independent) of the object * managed by this factory. *
As with a {@link BeanFactory}, this allows support for both the * Singleton and Prototype design pattern. *
If this FactoryBean is not fully initialized yet at the time of * the call (for example because it is involved in a circular reference), * throw a corresponding {@link FactoryBeanNotInitializedException}. *
As of Spring 2.0, FactoryBeans are allowed to return {@code null} * objects. The factory will consider this as normal value to be used; it * will not throw a FactoryBeanNotInitializedException in this case anymore. * FactoryBean implementations are encouraged to throw * FactoryBeanNotInitializedException themselves now, as appropriate. * @return an instance of the bean (can be {@code null}) * @throws Exception in case of creation errors * @see FactoryBeanNotInitializedException */ @Nullable T getObject() throws Exception; /** * Return the type of object that this FactoryBean creates, * or {@code null} if not known in advance. *
This allows one to check for specific types of beans without * instantiating objects, for example on autowiring. *
In the case of implementations that are creating a singleton object, * this method should try to avoid singleton creation as far as possible; * it should rather estimate the type in advance. * For prototypes, returning a meaningful type here is advisable too. *
This method can be called before this FactoryBean has * been fully initialized. It must not rely on state created during * initialization; of course, it can still use such state if available. *
NOTE: Autowiring will simply ignore FactoryBeans that return * {@code null} here. Therefore it is highly recommended to implement * this method properly, using the current state of the FactoryBean. * @return the type of object that this FactoryBean creates, * or {@code null} if not known at the time of the call * @see ListableBeanFactory#getBeansOfType */ @Nullable Class getObjectType(); /** * Is the object managed by this factory a singleton? That is, * will {@link #getObject()} always return the same object * (a reference that can be cached)? *
NOTE: If a FactoryBean indicates to hold a singleton object, * the object returned from {@code getObject()} might get cached * by the owning BeanFactory. Hence, do not return {@code true} * unless the FactoryBean always exposes the same reference. *
The singleton status of the FactoryBean itself will generally * be provided by the owning BeanFactory; usually, it has to be * defined as singleton there. *
NOTE: This method returning {@code false} does not * necessarily indicate that returned objects are independent instances. * An implementation of the extended {@link SmartFactoryBean} interface * may explicitly indicate independent instances through its * {@link SmartFactoryBean#isPrototype()} method. Plain {@link FactoryBean} * implementations which do not implement this extended interface are * simply assumed to always return independent instances if the * {@code isSingleton()} implementation returns {@code false}. *
The default implementation returns {@code true}, since a * {@code FactoryBean} typically manages a singleton instance. * @return whether the exposed object is a singleton * @see #getObject() * @see SmartFactoryBean#isPrototype() */ default boolean isSingleton() { return true; }}
②创建类UserFactoryBean
package com.atguigu.spring6.bean;public class UserFactoryBean implements FactoryBean { @Override public User getObject() throws Exception { return new User(); } @Override public Class getObjectType() { return User.class; }}③配置bean
④测试
@Testpublic void testUserFactoryBean(){ //获取IOC容器 ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-factorybean.xml"); User user = (User) ac.getBean("user"); System.out.println(user);}2.14、实验十三:基于xml自动装配
自动装配:
根据指定的策略,在IOC容器中匹配某一个bean,自动为指定的bean中所依赖的类类型或接口类型属性赋值
①场景模拟
创建类UserController
package com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.controllerpublic class UserController { private UserService userService; public void setUserService(UserService userService) { this.userService = userService; } public void saveUser(){ userService.saveUser(); }}创建接口UserService
package com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.servicepublic interface UserService { void saveUser();}创建类UserServiceImpl实现接口UserService
package com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.service.implpublic class UserServiceImpl implements UserService { private UserDao userDao; public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) { this.userDao = userDao; } @Override public void saveUser() { userDao.saveUser(); }}创建接口UserDao
package com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.daopublic interface UserDao { void saveUser();}创建类UserDaoImpl实现接口UserDao
package com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.dao.implpublic class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao { @Override public void saveUser() { System.out.println("保存成功"); }}②配置bean
使用bean标签的autowire属性设置自动装配效果
自动装配方式:byType
byType:根据类型匹配IOC容器中的某个兼容类型的bean,为属性自动赋值
若在IOC中,没有任何一个兼容类型的bean能够为属性赋值,则该属性不装配,即值为默认值null
若在IOC中,有多个兼容类型的bean能够为属性赋值,则抛出异常NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException
自动装配方式:byName
byName:将自动装配的属性的属性名,作为bean的id在IOC容器中匹配相对应的bean进行赋值
③测试
@Testpublic void testAutoWireByXML(){ ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("autowire-xml.xml"); UserController userController = ac.getBean(UserController.class); userController.saveUser();}3、基于注解管理Bean(☆)
从 Java 5 开始,Java 增加了对注解(Annotation)的支持,它是代码中的一种特殊标记,可以在编译、类加载和运行时被读取,执行相应的处理。开发人员可以通过注解在不改变原有代码和逻辑的情况下,在源代码中嵌入补充信息。
Spring 从 2.5 版本开始提供了对注解技术的全面支持,我们可以使用注解来实现自动装配,简化 Spring 的 XML 配置。
Spring 通过注解实现自动装配的步骤如下:
- 引入依赖
- 开启组件扫描
- 使用注解定义 Bean
- 依赖注入
3.1、搭建子模块spring6-ioc-annotation
①搭建模块
搭建方式如:spring6-ioc-xml
②引入配置文件
引入spring-ioc-xml模块日志log4j2.xml
③添加依赖
org.springframework spring-context 6.0.3 org.junit.jupiter junit-jupiter-api org.apache.logging.log4j log4j-core 2.19.0 org.apache.logging.log4j log4j-slf4j2-impl 2.19.0
3.2、开启组件扫描
Spring 默认不使用注解装配 Bean,因此我们需要在 Spring 的 XML 配置中,通过 context:component-scan 元素开启 Spring Beans的自动扫描功能。开启此功能后,Spring 会自动从扫描指定的包(base-package 属性设置)及其子包下的所有类,如果类上使用了 @Component 注解,就将该类装配到容器中。
注意:在使用 context:component-scan 元素开启自动扫描功能前,首先需要在 XML 配置的一级标签 中添加 context 相关的约束。
情况一:最基本的扫描方式
情况二:指定要排除的组件
情况三:仅扫描指定组件
3.3、使用注解定义 Bean
Spring 提供了以下多个注解,这些注解可以直接标注在 Java 类上,将它们定义成 Spring Bean。
注解 说明 @Component 该注解用于描述 Spring 中的 Bean,它是一个泛化的概念,仅仅表示容器中的一个组件(Bean),并且可以作用在应用的任何层次,例如 Service 层、Dao 层等。 使用时只需将该注解标注在相应类上即可。 @Repository 该注解用于将数据访问层(Dao 层)的类标识为 Spring 中的 Bean,其功能与 @Component 相同。 @Service 该注解通常作用在业务层(Service 层),用于将业务层的类标识为 Spring 中的 Bean,其功能与 @Component 相同。 @Controller 该注解通常作用在控制层(如SpringMVC 的 Controller),用于将控制层的类标识为 Spring 中的 Bean,其功能与 @Component 相同。 3.4、实验一:@Autowired注入
单独使用@Autowired注解,默认根据类型装配。【默认是byType】
查看源码:
package org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation;import java.lang.annotation.Documented;import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;import java.lang.annotation.Retention;import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;import java.lang.annotation.Target;@Target({ElementType.CONSTRUCTOR, ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.PARAMETER, ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE})@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)@Documentedpublic @interface Autowired { boolean required() default true;}源码中有两处需要注意:
-
第一处:该注解可以标注在哪里?
-
- 构造方法上
- 方法上
- 形参上
- 属性上
- 注解上
-
第二处:该注解有一个required属性,默认值是true,表示在注入的时候要求被注入的Bean必须是存在的,如果不存在则报错。如果required属性设置为false,表示注入的Bean存在或者不存在都没关系,存在的话就注入,不存在的话,也不报错。
①场景一:属性注入
创建UserDao接口
package com.atguigu.spring6.dao;public interface UserDao { public void print();}创建UserDaoImpl实现
package com.atguigu.spring6.dao.impl;import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;@Repositorypublic class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao { @Override public void print() { System.out.println("Dao层执行结束"); }}创建UserService接口
package com.atguigu.spring6.service;public interface UserService { public void out();}创建UserServiceImpl实现类
package com.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;import com.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;@Servicepublic class UserServiceImpl implements UserService { @Autowired private UserDao userDao; @Override public void out() { userDao.print(); System.out.println("Service层执行结束"); }}创建UserController类
package com.atguigu.spring6.controller;import com.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;@Controllerpublic class UserController { @Autowired private UserService userService; public void out() { userService.out(); System.out.println("Controller层执行结束。"); }}测试一
package com.atguigu.spring6.bean;import com.atguigu.spring6.controller.UserController;import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;import org.slf4j.Logger;import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;public class UserTest { private Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(UserTest.class); @Test public void testAnnotation(){ ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("Beans.xml"); UserController userController = context.getBean("userController", UserController.class); userController.out(); logger.info("执行成功"); }}测试结果:
②场景二:set注入
修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;import com.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;@Servicepublic class UserServiceImpl implements UserService { private UserDao userDao; @Autowired public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) { this.userDao = userDao; } @Override public void out() { userDao.print(); System.out.println("Service层执行结束"); }}修改UserController类
package com.atguigu.spring6.controller;import com.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;@Controllerpublic class UserController { private UserService userService; @Autowired public void setUserService(UserService userService) { this.userService = userService; } public void out() { userService.out(); System.out.println("Controller层执行结束。"); }}测试:成功调用
③场景三:构造方法注入
修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;import com.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;@Servicepublic class UserServiceImpl implements UserService { private UserDao userDao; @Autowired public UserServiceImpl(UserDao userDao) { this.userDao = userDao; } @Override public void out() { userDao.print(); System.out.println("Service层执行结束"); }}修改UserController类
package com.atguigu.spring6.controller;import com.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;@Controllerpublic class UserController { private UserService userService; @Autowired public UserController(UserService userService) { this.userService = userService; } public void out() { userService.out(); System.out.println("Controller层执行结束。"); }}测试:成功调用
④场景四:形参上注入
修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;import com.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;@Servicepublic class UserServiceImpl implements UserService { private UserDao userDao; public UserServiceImpl(@Autowired UserDao userDao) { this.userDao = userDao; } @Override public void out() { userDao.print(); System.out.println("Service层执行结束"); }}修改UserController类
package com.atguigu.spring6.controller;import com.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;@Controllerpublic class UserController { private UserService userService; public UserController(@Autowired UserService userService) { this.userService = userService; } public void out() { userService.out(); System.out.println("Controller层执行结束。"); }}测试:成功调用
⑤场景五:只有一个构造函数,无注解
修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;import com.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;@Servicepublic class UserServiceImpl implements UserService { @Autowired private UserDao userDao; public UserServiceImpl(UserDao userDao) { this.userDao = userDao; } @Override public void out() { userDao.print(); System.out.println("Service层执行结束"); }}测试通过
当有参数的构造方法只有一个时,@Autowired注解可以省略。
说明:有多个构造方法时呢?大家可以测试(再添加一个无参构造函数),测试报错
⑥场景六:@Autowired注解和@Qualifier注解联合
添加dao层实现
package com.atguigu.spring6.dao.impl;import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;@Repositorypublic class UserDaoRedisImpl implements UserDao { @Override public void print() { System.out.println("Redis Dao层执行结束"); }}测试:测试异常
错误信息中说:不能装配,UserDao这个Bean的数量等于2
怎么解决这个问题呢?当然要byName,根据名称进行装配了。
修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;import com.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;@Servicepublic class UserServiceImpl implements UserService { @Autowired @Qualifier("userDaoImpl") // 指定bean的名字 private UserDao userDao; @Override public void out() { userDao.print(); System.out.println("Service层执行结束"); }}总结
- @Autowired注解可以出现在:属性上、构造方法上、构造方法的参数上、setter方法上。
- 当带参数的构造方法只有一个,@Autowired注解可以省略。()
- @Autowired注解默认根据类型注入。如果要根据名称注入的话,需要配合@Qualifier注解一起使用。
3.5、实验二:@Resource注入
@Resource注解也可以完成属性注入。那它和@Autowired注解有什么区别?
- @Resource注解是JDK扩展包中的,也就是说属于JDK的一部分。所以该注解是标准注解,更加具有通用性。(JSR-250标准中制定的注解类型。JSR是Java规范提案。)
- @Autowired注解是Spring框架自己的。
- @Resource注解默认根据名称装配byName,未指定name时,使用属性名作为name。通过name找不到的话会自动启动通过类型byType装配。
- @Autowired注解默认根据类型装配byType,如果想根据名称装配,需要配合@Qualifier注解一起用。
- @Resource注解用在属性上、setter方法上。
- @Autowired注解用在属性上、setter方法上、构造方法上、构造方法参数上。
@Resource注解属于JDK扩展包,所以不在JDK当中,需要额外引入以下依赖:【如果是JDK8的话不需要额外引入依赖。高于JDK11或低于JDK8需要引入以下依赖。】
jakarta.annotation jakarta.annotation-api 2.1.1
源码:
package jakarta.annotation;import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;import java.lang.annotation.Repeatable;import java.lang.annotation.Retention;import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;import java.lang.annotation.Target;@Target({ElementType.TYPE, ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.METHOD})@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)@Repeatable(Resources.class)public @interface Resource { String name() default ""; String lookup() default ""; Class type() default Object.class; Resource.AuthenticationType authenticationType() default Resource.AuthenticationType.CONTAINER; boolean shareable() default true; String mappedName() default ""; String description() default ""; public static enum AuthenticationType { CONTAINER, APPLICATION; private AuthenticationType() { } }}①场景一:根据name注入
修改UserDaoImpl类
package com.atguigu.spring6.dao.impl;import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;@Repository("myUserDao")public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao { @Override public void print() { System.out.println("Dao层执行结束"); }}修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;import com.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;import jakarta.annotation.Resource;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;@Servicepublic class UserServiceImpl implements UserService { @Resource(name = "myUserDao") private UserDao myUserDao; @Override public void out() { myUserDao.print(); System.out.println("Service层执行结束"); }}测试通过
②场景二:name未知注入
修改UserDaoImpl类
package com.atguigu.spring6.dao.impl;import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;@Repository("myUserDao")public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao { @Override public void print() { System.out.println("Dao层执行结束"); }}修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;import com.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;import jakarta.annotation.Resource;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;@Servicepublic class UserServiceImpl implements UserService { @Resource private UserDao myUserDao; @Override public void out() { myUserDao.print(); System.out.println("Service层执行结束"); }}测试通过
当@Resource注解使用时没有指定name的时候,还是根据name进行查找,这个name是属性名。
③场景三 其他情况
修改UserServiceImpl类,userDao1属性名不存在
package com.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;import com.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;import com.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;import jakarta.annotation.Resource;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;@Servicepublic class UserServiceImpl implements UserService { @Resource private UserDao userDao1; @Override public void out() { userDao1.print(); System.out.println("Service层执行结束"); }}测试异常
根据异常信息得知:显然当通过name找不到的时候,自然会启动byType进行注入,以上的错误是因为UserDao接口下有两个实现类导致的。所以根据类型注入就会报错。
@Resource的set注入可以自行测试
总结:
@Resource注解:默认byName注入,没有指定name时把属性名当做name,根据name找不到时,才会byType注入。byType注入时,某种类型的Bean只能有一个
3.6、Spring全注解开发
全注解开发就是不再使用spring配置文件了,写一个配置类来代替配置文件。
package com.atguigu.spring6.config;import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;@Configuration//@ComponentScan({"com.atguigu.spring6.controller", "com.atguigu.spring6.service","com.atguigu.spring6.dao"})@ComponentScan("com.atguigu.spring6")public class Spring6Config {}测试类
@Testpublic void testAllAnnotation(){ ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(Spring6Config.class); UserController userController = context.getBean("userController", UserController.class); userController.out(); logger.info("执行成功");}
-
- 指Spring创建对象的过程中,将对象依赖属性通过配置进行注入
- DI(Dependency Injection):依赖注入
-